Tectonics and subduction of the lava lake's crust in 2008

Most spattering activity takes place at a hornito on the southwestern shoreline (top right).

Degassing is mainly taking place from the hornito's vent and causes mild lava spattering.

Sometimes waves from the lake up to one metre high erode and enlarge the lips of the hornito's vent.

Big waves from bubble eruptions lead to the formation of lava stalactites at the hornito's lips (top left).

Lava upwelling takes place mostly along the southeastern shoreline, far away from the hornito.

Upwelling sometimes causes brief and violent bursts which lift the shiny lava crust on the lake's surface.

After the bursts fresh yellow lava splashes over the colder, and therefore darker, lava crust.

Such bursts agitate the lake's surface causing waves and cracking up the crust on the eastern shoreline.

At the NW shore lava is subducted into the depths of the lake, while some incandescent lava gets squeezed out through fissures.

Tension induced into the crust by the subduction process often extends the skin so much that red lava appears from below.

Sometimes a crustal plate is thrusted above another one, and incandescent lava is exposed along the wavefront.

Occasionally the crust becomes so thick that it does not get subducted and accumulates on the western shoreline forming shiny folds.