Lily Owens - The 14-year-old white protagonist and narrator. She is motherless and escapes her abusive father T. Ray with her nanny Rosaleen, seeking refuge with the Boatwright sisters and answers about her late mother.

Rosaleen Daise - Lily's fierce-hearted, proud, and outspoken black nanny who is a surrogate mother to Lily. She is arrested for insulting racists, prompting their escape.

August Boatwright - The warm, maternal leader of the three beekeeping sisters who take in Lily and Rosaleen. She helps Lily come to terms with her mother's past.

June Boatwright - August's protective and initially hostile younger sister who eventually warms up to Lily.

May Boatwright - The youngest, trauma-haunted Boatwright sister with a special connection to the Black Madonna.

Zach Taylor - A young black man who works on the Boatwright farm and becomes Lily's friend and love interest.

T. Ray Owens - Lily's cold, abusive father who lies about the circumstances of Lily's mother Deborah's death.

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Themes of Motherhood and Mother-Daughter Relationships
The novel centers around Lily's search for a mother figure and her complex feelings towards her deceased mother. You could analyze the different types of mother-daughter relationships portrayed, such as Lily and Deborah, Lily and the Boatwright sisters, or the mother-daughter bond between the bees.

Racism and the Civil Rights Movement
Set in 1964 South Carolina, the novel deals with the racism and racial tensions of that era. You could examine how characters like Rosaleen and the Boatwright sisters experience and resist racism, or how the novel depicts the struggle for civil rights.

Female Empowerment and Community
The Boatwright sisters and their bee farm represent a powerful female community that empowers and nurtures Lily. An essay could explore how the novel celebrates women's strength, spirituality, and bonds of sisterhood.

Symbolism of Bees
Bees are a central metaphor in the novel, representing themes like female power, community, spiritual connections, and the cycle of life. You could do an in-depth analysis of the symbolic meaning of bees and beekeeping.

Lily's Emotional Journey and Coming-of-Age
As a bildungsroman, the novel traces Lily's emotional and psychological growth from a troubled adolescent to a more mature, self-aware young woman. Her journey of self-discovery could be a fruitful topic.

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