Contrasting ‘old’ and ‘new’ topography in Mangatepopo Valley. The young landscape is reflected in the cone of Ngauruhoe (2287 m) that has been built up over 2500 years. To the right are the andesitic, columnar-jointed cliffs of Pukekaikiore (1737 m) which was active as part of the Tongariro volcano between 190,000 and 120,000 years ago. These cliffs form the remaining remnant of the left-hand side of the glacial trough. The foreground mounds are prehistoric lava flows.