The character of Laura Wingfield is based on Williams’ sister Rose, who faced significant mental health challenges. Rose was diagnosed with schizophrenia after experiencing a series of nervous breakdowns, which culminated in a lobotomy that left her incapacitated. Laura’s crippling shyness and retreat into her glass menagerie reflect Rose’s own struggles with isolation and mental illness. Williams often felt guilt for not being able to protect Rose, a sentiment mirrored in Tom’s eventual departure from Laura.

Williams himself suffered from diphtheria as a child, which left him with a limp for several years. This physical ailment is echoed in Laura’s character description as “crippled” due to a childhood illness. Both characters share feelings of inadequacy and the desire to escape their circumstances.

The Burden of Unfulfilled Dreams
Amanda's overbearing nature stems from her desperation to secure a better future for her children, as her own dreams of being a wealthy Southern lady were never realized. Laura's crippling shyness prevents her from pursuing a career or romance, leaving her dreams unfulfilled. Tom's desire to be a poet and explorer is stifled by his responsibility to support the family.

Abandonment and Entrapment
The abandonment by Mr. Wingfield casts a long shadow over the family, leaving Amanda bitter and controlling. Laura is trapped by her physical disability and overwhelming shyness, while Tom feels trapped by his job and familial obligations, eventually leading to his own abandonment of Amanda and Laura.

Memory and Its Impact
As a "memory play," the events are filtered through Tom's perspective, highlighting how memories can be subjective and distorted. The play examines how past experiences shape the present, with Amanda clinging to her faded glory days and the family haunted by Mr. Wingfield's desertion.

In summary, "The Glass Menagerie" explores the human need for illusion and escape, the weight of unmet expectations, the pain of abandonment, and the power of memory through the lens of the struggling Wingfield family.

The play was hugely successful, winning over critics and audiences and catapulting the author to fame. Critics praised Williams's ability to create dynamic characters of enormous depth, such as Laura, a fragile young woman modeled on Williams's own sister, and Amanda, a well-intentioned but suffocating mother. The play simultaneously depicts the struggle of the American family within the urban life of a newly industrialized society and the contradictions inherent to the genteel way of life associated with the antebellum American South.

The play also successfully treated more universal themes such as abandonment and the desire to escape, the intense moral conflict between responsibility and self-fulfillment, and the desire for love. In its revelation of a basic plot—the wait for a gentleman caller—and in its unexpected conclusions, The Glass Menagerie presented a simple story of enormous depth, a formula that won over popular audiences and critics alike.