Mariam - The illegitimate daughter of wealthy businessman Jalil, born to his maid Nana. Mariam is forced into an abusive marriage with Rasheed at a young age and suffers multiple miscarriages.

Laila - A bright young woman who falls in love with Tariq, her childhood friend. After her parents are killed in the war, she is taken in by Rasheed and becomes his second wife, bearing him two children - a daughter Aziza and a son Zalmai.

Rasheed - Mariam's abusive husband who later takes Laila as his second wife. A violent and controlling man.

Tariq - Laila's childhood friend and lover who is forced to flee to Pakistan. He returns years later to find Laila.

Jalil - Mariam's wealthy father who refuses to take her into his home after her mother's death, leading him to arrange her marriage to Rasheed.

Nana - Mariam's bitter mother who was once Jalil's maid and became pregnant with his child, facing societal scorn as a result.

Developed by Perplexity AI

Discrimination Against Women and Women's Rights
A central theme is the systemic oppression and mistreatment of women in Afghan society, particularly under the Taliban regime. The novel highlights the harsh realities faced by women, such as forced marriages, domestic violence, and the denial of basic rights like education and freedom of movement.

Parental Relationships
The complex relationships between parents and children are explored through the characters of Mariam, Laila, and their respective parents. The novel examines the impact of parental love, neglect, and sacrifice on the lives of the protagonists.

Conflict and Change
The novel is set against the backdrop of major conflicts and regime changes in Afghanistan, including the Soviet invasion, the rise of the Mujahideen, and the Taliban's rule. It depicts how these events profoundly impact the lives of ordinary Afghans, particularly women.

Friendship and Resilience
Despite their differences, Mariam and Laila form a deep bond and find strength in their friendship. Their resilience in the face of adversity and their unwavering support for each other is a central theme.

Developed by Perplexity AI