Proulx, Annie: *1935
Brokeback Mountain, 1997 - Information about the Book
- General Information | Facts | Author | Commentary | Articles | Podcasts
- General Information
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Good for Discussing:
Forbidden and Hidden Love
Masculinity and Societal Roles
Repressed Desire and Secrecy - Two cowboys, Ennis and Jack, form a deep, forbidden romantic bond while tending sheep on Brokeback Mountain, a love that endures in secret over decades despite societal pressures and personal tragedy. See Summary.
- English Language Level: Moderately Difficult - sophisticated vocabulary, nuanced emotional expression, and literary style
- It is part of "Close Range: Wyoming Stories", 1999. It was first published as a short story in the magazine The New Yorker, in the issue dated October 13, 1997
- Information from Wikipedia
- Information from Britannica
- Proulx’s inspiration for “Brokeback Mountain” stemmed from her observations of life in Wyoming, particularly the emotional struggles of individuals in a homophobic environment. In an interview, she recounted a moment in a bar where she noticed a middle-aged man whose expression suggested a longing that led her to contemplate the challenges faced by gay men in such settings. This encounter sparked her imagination and prompted her to explore the lives of two young men, Ennis and Jack, who navigate their feelings against a backdrop of societal expectations.
Proulx has articulated that the story is less about the individuals themselves and more about homophobia and the social context that shapes their lives. This perspective is rooted in her understanding of the harsh realities faced by those who deviate from societal norms, which she experienced firsthand during her time in Wyoming.
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Good for Discussing:
- Facts
- Awards: "Brokeback Mountain" won the National Magazine Award for Fiction in 1998 and received immense critical acclaim and recognition through the success of the film adaptation.
- Forbidden Love and Societal Constraints
The central theme revolves around the forbidden love between Ennis and Jack, two ranch hands in 1960s Wyoming. Their intense emotional and sexual bond defies societal norms and expectations, forcing them to conceal their relationship from a homophobic society. Their love is tragically constrained by the era's intolerance towards same-sex relationships.Masculinity and Sexuality
The story challenges traditional notions of masculinity and sexuality. Ennis and Jack's relationship subverts the stereotypical portrayal of rugged, heterosexual cowboys, highlighting the complexities of human desire and identity. Their love transcends societal definitions of what it means to be a "man."Inescapable Nature of Desire
Proulx portrays desire as a powerful, natural force that cannot be denied or controlled, even when it goes against societal norms. Ennis and Jack's passion for each other is depicted as an irresistible, overwhelming force that governs their actions, despite the risks involved.Isolation and Loneliness
The harsh, unforgiving landscape of Wyoming serves as a metaphor for the isolation and loneliness experienced by the characters. Ennis and Jack's love is confined to brief, secret reunions in remote settings, underscoring their inability to fully embrace their relationship in a judgmental society.Inevitability of Change
The story spans two decades, highlighting the inevitability of change and the passage of time. Despite their enduring love, Ennis and Jack's lives are shaped by external forces, such as marriage, children, and societal expectations, emphasizing the tragic nature of their situation.In essence, "Brokeback Mountain" is a poignant exploration of love, desire, masculinity, and the human condition, set against the backdrop of a conservative society that condemns the protagonists' relationship.
- "Brokeback Mountain" received critical acclaim for its prose, emotional depth, and exploration of complex themes such as love, masculinity, and societal expectations. It was praised for its authenticity and sensitivity in depicting the lives of two cowboys.
The story was notable for its groundbreaking portrayal of a same-sex relationship in a mainstream literary publication.
Over time, "Brokeback Mountain" has been seen as a seminal work in LGBTQ+ literature. It is often studied and discussed for its literary merit and its role in advancing representation and understanding of same-sex relationships in media.
Overall, "Brokeback Mountain" is perceived as a landmark work that contributed significantly to the discourse on LGBTQ+ issues, both in literature and popular culture.
- Reader Rating:

- Author
- Annie Proulx talks about "Close Range, Wyoming Stories." The John Adams Institute; October 10, 1999
- Annie Proulx says she wishes she’d never written the story because so many people miss the point of it: "The short story has been credited with ushering in a new age of queer cinema, however for Proulx, “it’s just been the cause of hassle and problems and irritation”." The Pink News. December 25, 2020
- Annie Proulx on what people misunderstand about the story; "I generally like the characters I construct. But they are characters, elements in a story, and they have a job to do to make the story work." The Slate; July 20, 2022
- Annie Proulx talks about the film and what made her write 'Brokeback Mountain'. Wheeler Centre/Melbourne Writers Festival, 2011
- Annie Proulx tells the story behind "Brokeback Mountain": "Jake Gyllenhaal's Jack Twist...wasn't the Jack Twist that I had in mind when I wrote this story. The Jack that I saw was jumpier, homely. But Gyllenhaal's sensitivity and subtleness in this role is just huge." The Advocate; December 17, 2005
- Podcast
Annie Proulx talks about her prize-winning novel "The Shipping News" and her short story "Brokeback Mountain."
- Annie Proulx talks about "Close Range, Wyoming Stories." The John Adams Institute; October 10, 1999
- Commentary
- "Brokeback Mountain" is a poignant exploration of love, repression, and societal intolerance set against the rugged backdrop of 1960s Wyoming. The story, centered on the 20-year relationship between cowboys Ennis del Mar and Jack Twist, examines the deep emotional connection and tragic barriers they face due to homophobia and rigid gender norms. Their love, though profound, is marred by fear and societal expectations, forcing them into lives of secrecy and denial.
Annie Proulx’s narrative delves into themes of masculinity, repression, and the cost of unfulfilled desires. Ennis and Jack’s inability to live openly reflects the pervasive intolerance of their time, culminating in heartbreak and tragedy. The story critiques the destructive force of societal norms that suppress authentic relationships, leaving both men yearning for a life they cannot have.
Through its restrained storytelling and vivid depiction of Wyoming’s vast landscapes, "Brokeback Mountain" transcends its specific context to become a universal meditation on love, loss, and the human cost of prejudice.
- Articles: General Information | Detailed/Scholarly Information
- General Information:
- Book Review: "The review gives a clear, readable summary and highlights the author’s prose, themes of love and inevitability, and emotional impact, but it lacks deeper critical context." Matthew Richard; July 25, 2018
- Annie Proulx regrets writing "Brokeback Mountain": "The article gives a clear explanation of Proulx’s frustration with readers misconstruing Brokeback Mountain and focuses on the controversy over its interpretation, but it’s opinion-driven rather than a deep literary analysis." The Guardian; December 29, 2014
- Explanation: "The article gives a basic explanation of the Brokeback Mountain film ending and mentions its literary source, but it focuses more on the movie’s plot details than deeply analysing Annie Proulx’s original 1997 short story or its themes". The Review Geek; September 15, 2022
- Masculinity in Brokeback Mountain: "The essay offers a basic overview of how cowboy stereotypes and masculine norms affect Jack and Ennis’s relationship." StudyMoose
- The Moral Lessons of Brokeback Mountain: "The article offers a selective list of moral takeaways." December 31, 2005
- Detailed/Scholarly Information:
- Book Review: "The review gives a detailed, thoughtful summary of the story’s characters, themes, and writing style, showing clear engagement with the text and offering informative insights." George L Thomas; April 25, 2025
- "Brokeback Mountain" is a love story, not a ‘gay cowboy film’: "The article clearly and engagingly explains that the film adapted from Proulx’s 1997 story is above all a universal love story, emphasizing emotional depth and context rather than just labeling it a “gay cowboy film,” while also reflecting on audience reactions and social attitudes." Wednesday Journal; January 17, 2006
- How “Brokeback Mountain” Changed a Nation’s Point of View: "The article offers a detailed, thoughtful analysis, focusing on how Annie Proulx’s use of point of view shapes the plot, characters, setting, and tone to highlight the story’s themes and emotional impact." Shelby Saunders; August 2, 2016